Advances in research and development on photoautotrophic (sugar-free medium) micropropagation are reviewed with emphasis on environmental control for promoting photosynthesis. Firstly, environmental features and physiological responses of plants to the in vitro environment in conventional micropropagation are discussed. Secondary, the concept of photoautotrophic micropropagation and methods of improving the in vitro environment for promoting photosynthesis are discussed. Then, use of large culture vessels with forced ventilation for commercial application is introduced. Finally, challenges of and opportunities for photoautotrophic micropropagation are described.